The Grand Design - Key to The Cosmos Stephen Hawking

Professor Stephen Hawking presents The Grand Design: The Key to The Cosmos. Narrated by Stephen Hawking and Benedict Cumberbatch (Hawking's mind voice)

In this programme, Hawking gives a summary on how the laws of physics came to be known.

How Gravity was discovered and explained by Isaac Newton through his invention of classical mechanics and fundamental calculus.

How James Clerk Maxwell formulated Faraday's, Gauss' and Ampere's Laws into his theory of Electromagnetism.

How Einstein used the evidence from the Michelson-Morley Experiment and his own thought experiments on simultaneity as his central axioms in Special Relativity.

How Einstein developed the mass-energy equivalence and concept of space-time, essential concepts for high energy physics.

How Einstein extended Relativity to General Relativity, describing accelerating bodies and used the relationship between energy and space-time to describe curvature in the form of his field equations.

How Theodore Kaluza extended General Relativity with the concept of Maxwell's Theory of electromagnetism and, along with Oscar Klein, developed the Kaluza-Klein Theory, a theory which describes electromagnetism as a gauge theory where the gauge symmetry is the symmetry of circular compact dimensions.

This all lead to the development of modern string theory, which views the Standard Model as gauge groups existing on a flat spacetime; with the elementary particles as strings on a flat world sheet, vibrating with different couplings and flavours forming the different particles.

The higher dimensions are in a curved spacetime in this theory, containing particles beyond the Standard Model as being higher resonances of the strings, contained on a different world sheet, or brane.

Extensions of these models are combined with the work of Richard Feynman, who developed the path integral formalism for quantum mechanics and used this to develop Quantum Electrodynamics, QED.

QED was the first theory to describe relativistic quantum mechanics.

Soon, the Weak Intercation was developed using quantum field theory, however the theory was too chaotic to make predictions as the coupling constants were impossible to determine at low energies; unlike QED the Weak Interaction is Non-Abelian and uses vector Bosons to commute. Predictions can be made from the dynamics only if you combine the theory with QED itself, which leads to symmetry breaking which is mediated by massless bosons. the mass for these bosons has to come from an outside field, the famous Higgs field.

The process Observation of Symmetry breaking in the Weak Interaction and QED generating massive

Feynman's method can also be used to extend Kaluza-Kelin theory to Yang-Mills theory to describe how Quantum Chromodynamics works in the low energy regime, as running of the coupling constants for this theory becomes chaotic, like the weak interaction, at even low energies.

Is there symmetry breaking of these gauge theories at a universal level, where all coupling constants are the same and if so why do they trend towards infinity? Is their some mass gap that must be included to achieve this? Where does gravity fit into the Standard Model? How can we renormalise the Standard Model itself? And with what?

A lot of these questions have to be answered by M-Theory, which attempts to unify a lot of the different string theories to from the Theory of Everything, The Grand Design.