Alcohol Carburante Flowsheet

Tabla de Contenidos
1. Introducción
2. Conducción en Estado Estacionario -Una Dimensión
3. Conducción en Estado Estacionario - Dimensiones Múltiples
4. Conducción en Estado Transitorio
5. Principios de Convección
6. Relaciones Empíricas y Prácticas para Transferencia de Calor por Convección Forzada
7. Sistemas de Convección Natural
8. Transferencia de Calor por Radiación
9. Transferencia de Calor por Condensación y Ebullición
10. Cambiadoresde Calor
11. Transferencia de Masa
12. Tópicos Especiales en la Transferencia de Calor
Apéndice A. Tablas
Aphdice B. Soluciones exactas a ecuaciones de capa límite laminar
Indice
Hongo | 2 – 5 % |
Algas | 4 – 6 % |
Levadura | 6 – 10 % |
Bacteria | 10 – 16 % |
Table of Contents
1.Critical Properties and Acentric Factor - Organic Compounds
2.Critical Properties and Acentric Factor - Inorganic Compounds
3.Density of Liquid - Organic Compounds
4.Density of Liquid - Inorganic Compounds
5.Density of Solid - Organic Compounds
6.Density of Solid - Inorganic Compounds
7.Enthalpy of Vaporization - Organic Compounds
8.Enthalpy of Vaporization - Inorganic Compounds
9.Enthalpy of Vaporization at Boiling Point - Organic Compounds
10.Enthalpy of Vaporization at Boiling Point - Inorganic Compounds
11.Enthalpy of Fusion at Freezing Point - Organic Compounds
12.Enthalpy of Fusion at Freezing Point - Inorganic Compounds
13.Solubility Parameter and Liquid Volume - Organic Compounds
14.Solubility Parameter and Liquid Volume - Inorganic Compounds
15.Van Der Waals Area and Volume - Organic Compounds
16.Van Der Waals Area and Volume - Inorganic Compounds
17.Radius of Gyration - Organic Compounds
18.Radius of Gyration - Inorganic Compounds
19.Dipole Moment - Organic Compounds
20.Dipole Moment - Inorganic Compounds
21.Surface Tension - Organic Compounds
22.Surface Tension - Inorganic Compounds
Appendix A: Conversion Table
Appendix B:Thermophysical and Transport Properties of Water
Appendix C:Thermophysical and Transport Properties of Air
Index
Los diversos sistemas de ebullición del azúcar, requieren que las masas cocidas hiervan a ciertas purezas, para producir mieles de la pureza deseada.
Table of Contents
23. Aldehydes
24. C1-C4 Acids
25. Miscellaneous Aldehydes
26. Ketones
27. Ethers
28. Acetates
29. Acrylates
30. Esters
31. Cyclic Ethers
32. Methylamines
33. Ethylamines
34. Miscellaneous Amines
35. Nitriles
36. Nitrogen-Containing Compounds
37. Miscellaneous Nitrogen Compounds
38. Benzene Compounds
39. Toluene and Xylenes
40. Cyclic Hydrocarbons
41. Miscellaneous Cycle Compounds
42. Halogenated Aromatics
43. Sulfur-Containing Hydrocarbons
44. Water
Appendix Conversion Tables
A pedido de Julio.
Table of Contents
1. C1 to C4 Normal Alkanes
2. C2 to C4 Monoolefins
3. C2 to C4 Alkynes
4. C2 to C4 Diolefins
5. Chlorinated Methanes
6. Chlorinated Ethylenes
7. Chlorinated Aliphatics
8. Primary Alcohols
9. C3 to C4 Alcohols
10. Miscellaneous Alcohols
11. C2 to C4 Oxides
12. Ethylene Glycols
13. Propylene Glycols and Glycerine
14. C5 to C8 Alkanes
15. C5 to C8 Alkenes
16. C4 to C5 Branched Hydrocarbons
17. C6 to C8 Branched Hydrocarbons
18. Chlorinated C2 Compounds
19. Halogenated Methanes
20. Halogenated Hydrocarbons
21. Fluorinated Hydrocarbons
22. Brominated Hydrocarbons
Appendix
A. Conversion Tables
B. Compound Index by Formula
C. Compound Index by Name
Table of Contents
PART I: CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
1 Introduction to Analysis in the Dairy Industry
PATRICK F. FOX
2 Amino Acids in Dairy Foods
M. CONCEPCIÓN ARISTOY AND FIDEL TOLDRÁ
3 Peptides
ISIDRA RECIO AND ROSINA LÓPEZ-FANDIÑO
4 Milk Proteins
JERZY DZIUBA, PIOTR MINKIEWICZ, MAŁGORZATA DAREWICZ, AND BARTŁOMIEJ DZIUBA
5 Proteomics
STEFANO SFORZA, VALERIA CAVATORTA, AND ROSANGELA MARCHELLI
6 Carbohydrates
NIEVES CORZO, AGUSTÍN OLANO, AND ISABEL MARTÍNEZ-CASTRO
7 Triacylglycerols in Dairy Foods
JAVIER FONTECHA, MANUELA JUÁREZ, AND MIGUEL ANGEL DE LA FUENTE
8 Dairy Polar Lipids
ROELAND ROMBAUT AND KOEN DEWETTINCK
9 Fatty Acids
MIGUEL ANGEL DE LA FUENTE AND MANUELA JUÁREZ
10 Cholesterol
ZEHRA GÜLER AND YOUNG W. PARK
11 Organic Acids
HUIMIN ZHANG AND LLOYD E. METZGER
12 Flavor Formation
BARBARA D’ACAMPORA ZELLNER, PAOLA DUGO, GIOVANNI DUGO,
AND LUIGI MONDELLO
PART II: TECHNOLOGICAL QUALITY
13 Microstructure
ISABEL HERNANDO, ISABEL PÉREZ-MUNUERA, AMPARO QUILES, AND MARÍA-ANGELES LLUCH
14 Biosensors
NÓRA ADÁNYI
15 Physical Sensors and Techniques
COLETTE C. FAGAN AND COLM P. O’DONNELL
16 Rheological Properties and Flavor Release
NATHALIE CAYOT
17 Determination of Identity and Quality of Dairy Products
ROMDHANE KAROUI
18 Determination of Glycolysis
GASPAR PÉREZ-MARTÍNEZ
19 Determination of Proteolysis in Cheese
N. BANSAL, P. PIRAINO, AND PAUL L.H. MCSWEENEY
20 Determination of Lipolysis
KIERAN KILCAWLEY
21 Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria Used as Starter Cultures
TERESA REQUENA AND CARMEN PELÁEZ
22 Detection of Bacteriophages in Milk
ALFONSO H. MAGADÁN, VICTOR LADERO, NOELIA MARTÍNEZ, BEATRIZ DEL RIO, M. CRUZ MARTÍN, AND MIGUEL A. ALVAREZ
PART III: NUTRITIONAL QUALITY
23 Prebiotics
K. C. MOUNTZOURIS AND P. TSIRTSIKOS
24 Probiotics
ANA M. GOMES, MANUELA E. PINTADO, AND F. XAVIER MALCATA
25 Determination of Water- and Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Infant Formulae
OLIVIER HEUDI
26 Minerals and Trace Elements
AMPARO ALEGRÍA, REYES BARBERÁ, MARÍA JESÚS LAGARDA, AND ROSAURA FARRÉ
PART IV: SENSORY QUALITY
27 Color
LAURENT DUFOSSÉ AND PATRICK GALAUP
28 Texture
KASIVISWANATHAN MUTHUKUMARAPPAN AND CHINNADURAI KARUNANITHY
29 Flavor
BARBARA D’ACAMPORA ZELLNER, PAOLA DUGO, GIOVANNI DUGO, AND LUIGI MONDELLO
PART V: SAFETY
30 Microbial Flora
EFFIE TSAKALIDOU
31 Spoilage Detection
MARIA CRISTINA DANTAS VANETTI
32 PCR-Based Methods for Detection of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens in Dairy Products
ILEX WHITING, NIGEL COOK, MARTA HERNÁNDEZ, DAVID RODRÍGUEZLÁZARO,
AND MARTIN D’AGOSTINO
33 Mycotoxins and Toxins
CARLA SOLER, JOSÉ MIGUEL SORIANO, AND JORDI MAÑES
34 Detection of Adulterations: Addition of Foreign Lipids and Proteins
SASKIA M. VAN RUTH, MARIA G. E. G. BREMER, AND ROB FRANKHUIZEN
35 Detection of Adulterations: Identifi cation of Milk Origin
GOLFO MOATSOU
36 Residues of Food Contact Materials
EMMA L. BRADLEY AND LAURENCE CASTLE
37 Chemical Contaminants: Phthalates
JIPING ZHU, SUSAN P. PHILLIPS, AND XU-LIANG CAO
38 Analysis of Antibiotics in Milk and Its Products
JIAN WANG
39 Environmental Contaminants
SARA BOGIALLI AND ANTONIO DI CORCIA
40 Allergens
VIRGINIE TREGOAT AND ARJON J. VAN HENGEL
41 Amines
TOMÁŠ KOMPRDA AND VLASTIMIL DOHNAL
Index
Las Siete Clásicas Herramientas de la Calidad
El mejoramiento incesante de la calidad de bienes y servicios es un asunto que emplea una metodología que hace uso de herramientas tradicionales y se enriquece con nuevas técnicas.
El diseño de tal metodología es altamente flexible, ya que igualmente sirve a los fines de la administración alta y media, que a los mandos operativos, así como al personal sin mando.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Overview
Chapter 2 - Production and Consumption
Chapter 3 - Sulfur Burning
Chapter 4 - Metallurgical Off gas Cooling and Cleaning
Chapter 5 - Regeneration of Spent Sulfuric Acid
Chapter 6 - Dehydrating Air and Gases with Strong Sulfuric Acid
Chapter 7 - Catalytic Oxidation of SO2 to SO3
Chapter 8 - SO2 Oxidation Catalyst and Catalyst Beds
Chapter 9 - Production of H2SO4(l) from SO3(g)
Chapter 10 - Oxidation of SO2 to SO3 — Equilibrium Curves
Chapter 11 - SO2 Oxidation Heatup Paths
Chapter 12 - Maximum SO2 Oxidation: Heatup Path-Equilibrium Curve Intercepts
Chapter 13 - Cooling 1st Catalyst Bed Exit Gas
Chapter 14 - 2nd Catalyst Bed Heatup Path
Chapter 15 - Maximum SO2 Oxidation in a 2nd Catalyst Bed
Chapter 16 - 3rd Catalyst Bed SO2 Oxidation
Chapter 17 - SO3 and CO2 in Feed Gas
Chapter 18 - 3rd Catalyst Bed Acid Plant
Chapter 19 - After-H2SO4-Making SO2 Oxidation
Chapter 20 - Optimum Double Contact Acidmaking
Chapter 21 - Enthalpies and Enthalpy Transfers
Chapter 22 - Control of Gas Temperature by Bypassing
Chapter 23 - H2SO4 Making
Chapter 24 - Acid Temperature Control and Heat Recovery
Appendix A - Sulfuric Acid Properties
Appendix B - Derivation of Equilibrium Equation (10.12)
Appendix C - Free Energy Equations for Equilibrium Curve Calculations
Appendix D - Preparation of Fig. 10.2 Equilibrium Curve
Appendix E - Proof that Volume% = Mole% (for Ideal Gases)
Appendix F - Effect of CO2 and Ar on Equilibrium Equations (None)
Appendix G - Enthalpy Equations for Heatup Path Calculations
Appendix H - Matrix Solving Using Tables 11.2 and 14.2 as Examples
Appendix I - Enthalpy Equation in Heatup Path Matrix Cells
Appendix J - Heatup Path-Equilibrium Curve Intercept Calculations
Appendix K - 2nd Catalyst Bed Heatup Path Calculations
Appendix L - Equilibrium Equation for Multi-Catalyst Bed SO2 Oxidation
Appendix M - 2nd Catalyst Bed Intercept Calculations
Appendix N - 3rd Catalyst Bed Heatup Path Worksheet
Appendix O - 3rd Catalyst Bed Intercept Worksheet
Appendix P - Effect of SO3 in Fig. 10.1 Feed Gas on Equilibrium Equations
Appendix Q - SO3-in-Feed-Gas Intercept Worksheet
Appendix R - CO2- and SO3-in-Feed-Gas Intercept Worksheet
Appendix S - 3rd Catalyst-Bed ‘Converter’ Calculations
Appendix T - Worksheet for Calculating After-Intermediate-H2SO4-Making Heatup Path Equilibrium Curve Intercepts
Appendix U - After-H2SO4-Making SO2 Oxidation with SO3 and CO2 in Input Gas
Appendix V - Moist Air in H2SO4 Making Calculations
Appendix W - Calculation of H2SO4 Making Tower Mass Flows
Answers to Numerical Problems
En casi todos los casos encontrados por un Ingeniero Químico, hay varios métodos alternativos los cuales pueden ser usados para una operación o un proceso dados. Por ejemplo, el formaldehído puede ser producido por deshidrogenación catalítica del metanol, por oxidación controlada del gas natural, o por reacción directa entre CO y H2 bajo condiciones especiales de catalizador, temperatura y presión.
La representación gráfica muestra el significado de un diámetro económico óptimo de tuberíaComo se muestra en esta figura, los costos de bombeo se incrementan cuando disminuye el diámetro de la tubería debido a los efectos de fricción, mientras las cargas fijas para la línea de tubería son menores cuando se usan pequeños diámetros de tubería debido a que se reduce la inversión de capital. El diámetro económico óptimo esta dado cuando la suma de los costos fijos de la línea de tubería da un mínimo ya que este representa el menor costo total. En la figura, este punto es representado por E.
Table of Contents
1 Dietary Cultures and Antiquity of Fermented Foods and Beverages
Jyoti Prakash Tamang and Delwen Samuel
2 Diversity of Fermented Foods
Jyoti Prakash Tamang
3 Diversity of Fermented Beverages and Alcoholic Drinks
Jyoti Prakash Tamang
4 Functional Yeasts and Molds in Fermented Foods and Beverages
Kofi E. Aidoo and M. J. Robert Nout
5 Fermented Vegetable Products
Carmen Wacher, Gloria Díaz-Ruiz, and Jyoti Prakash Tamang
6 Fermented Legumes: Soybean and Non-Soybean Products
Toshirou Nagai and Jyoti Prakash Tamang
7 Fermented Soybean Pastes Miso and Shoyu with Reference to Aroma
Etsuko Sugawara
8 Fermented Cereal Products
Jean-Pierre Guyot
9 Fermented Milk Products
Baltasar Mayo, Mohammed Salim Ammor, Susana Delgado, and Ángel Alegría
10 Fermented Fish Products
Junus Salampessy, Kasipathy Kailasapathy, and Namrata Thapa
11 Fermented Meat Products
Martin Adams
12 Ethnic African Fermented Foods
N. A. Olasupo, S. A. Odunfa, and O. S. Obayori
13 Tea, Coffee, and Cacao
Ulrich Schillinger, Louis Ban-Koffi, and Charles M. A. P. Franz
14 Probiotic and Prebiotic Fermented Foods
Kasipathy Kailasapathy
15 Health Aspects of Fermented Foods
Mariam Farhad, Kasipathy Kailasapathy, and Jyoti Prakash Tamang
16 Packaging Concepts for Enhancing Preservation of Fermented Foods
Kasipathy Kailasapathy
Index
Table of Contents
1 The Commercial and Community Significance of Yeasts in Food and Beverage Production
Graham H. Fleet
2 Taxonomic and Ecological Diversity of Food and Beverage Yeasts
Patrizia Romano, Angela Capece and Lene Jespersen
3 Molecular Methods to Identify and Characterize Yeasts in Foods and Beverages
M.T. Fernández-Espinar, P. Martorell, R. de Llanos and Amparo Querol
4 Yeast Ecological Interactions. Yeast–Yeast, Yeast–Bacteria, Yeast–Fungi Interactions and Yeasts as Biocontrol Agents
Bennie C. Viljoen
5 Physiological and Molecular Responses of Yeasts to the Environment
Graeme M. Walker and Patrick Van Dijck
6 Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Adaptive Evolution of Industrial Yeasts
Eladio Barrio, Sara S. González, Armando Arias, Carmela Belloch and Amparo Querol
7 Principles and Applications of Genomics and Proteomics in the Analysis of Industrial Yeast Strains
Ursula Bond and Anders Blomberg
8 Carbohydrate Metabolism
J. Richard Dickinson and Arthur L. Kruckeberg
9 Yeasts as Biocatalysts
Pierre Strehaiano, Felipe Ramon-Portugal and Patricia Taillandier
10 Production of Antioxidants, Aromas, Colours, Flavours and Vitamins by Yeasts
Charles A. Abbas
11 Food and Beverage Spoilage Yeasts
Malcolm Stratford
12 The Public Health and Probiotic Significance of Yeasts in Foods and Beverages
Graham H. Fleet and Roostita Balia
13 The Development of Superior Yeast Strains for the Food and Beverage Industries: Challenges, Opportunities and Potential Benefits
Kevin J. Verstrepen, Paul J. Chambers and Isak S. Pretorius
Index
Table of Contents
1. Solid-Liquid separation equipment
2. Filter media
3. Pretreatment of suspensions
4. Data acquisition, analysis and scale-up
5. Selection, data analysis and simulation by computer software
6. Process design for batch separations
7. Process design for continuous separations
Nomenclature
Bibliography
Appendix A: Variables ranges for filter cycle calculations
Appendix B: Correlations for cake washing and gas deliquoring
Appendix C: Definitions and conversions for concentration
Appendix D: Troubleshooting filter operation
Appendix E: Comparisons between experimental data and design equation predictions
Index
La levadura es el microorganismo más usado en la industria. Se usa principalmente en la panificación, aunque también en la cervecería y en los procesos de vinificación.
Table of Contents
1 Mechanics of Solids
Bela I. Sandor
2 Engineering Thermodynamics
Michael J. Moran
3 Fluid Mechanics
Frank Kreith
4 Heat and Mass Transfer
Frank Kreith
6 Mechanical System Controls
Jan F. Kreider
7 Energy Resources
D. Yogi Goswami
8 Energy Conversion
D. Yogi Goswam
9 Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
Shan K. Wang
10A Electronic Packaging
10 Transportation
Frank Kreith
11 Engineering Design
Leonard D. Albano and Nam P. Suh
12 Material
Richard L. Lehman and Malcolm G. McLaren
13 Modern Manufacturing
Jay Lee and Robert E. Schafrik
14 Robotics
Frank L. Lewis
15 Computer-Aided Engineering
Kyran D. Mish
16 Environmental Engineering
Jan F. Kreider
17 Engineering Economics and Project Management
Chan S. Park and Donald D. Tippett
18 Communications and Information Systems
Lloyd W. Taylor
19 Mathematics
William F. Ames and George Cain
20 Patent Law and Miscellaneous Topics
Frank Kreith
APPENDICES
Paul Norton
A. Properties of Gases and Vapors
B. Properties of Liquids
C. Properties of Solids
D. SI Units
E. Miscellaneous
Table of Contents
Part 1 - 2D Design
1. Introducing AutoCAD 2010
2. Introducing drawing
3. Draw tools, Object Snap and Dynamic Input
4. Zoom, pan and templates
5. The Modify tools
6. Dimensions and Text
7. Orthographic and Isometric
8. Hatching
9. Blocks and Inserts
10. Other types of file format
11. Sheet sets
Part 2 - 3D Design
12. Introducing 3D modelling
13. 3D models in viewports
14. The modification of 3D models
15. Rendering
16. Building drawing
17. Three-dimensional space
18. Editing 3D solid models
19. Other features of 3D modelling
Part 3 - Internet tools and design
20. Internet Tools and Help
21. Design and AutoCAD 2010
Part 4 - Appendices
Appendix A: List of tools
Appendix B: Some set variables
Index